Steaming rubbish heaps, foul waterways, unexplained ailments, unexpected deaths – this is the reality of most modern developing countries. Those who can, retreat into bubbles of serenity; those who cannot, succumb to tired banality. Some strive to bring about change, to raise awareness, to encourage social and civic responsibility; others dismiss new-fangled environmental, civic and social concerns as “western luxuries”.

Pakistan is one such ‘modern’ developing country, with complicated issues popping up faster than a team of weary activists can spot them. But stories of woe and pessimism on Pakistan’s impending implosion, litter our news landscape. Sadly missing are the success stories, the breakthroughs; the developments that augur well for the country’s progress.

And there are quite a few. An extremely important one, is the increasing focus on solar energy development, both in the private and the public sector.

Crisis in the making

Pakistan receives over 320 days of extended daylight hours and high levels of average daily solar radiation energy (insolation) – 5.3kwh/m2 (1).

PV Tech: Solar radiation map

This, combined with over dependence on an expensive supply of fossil fuels – thermal power accounts for over 60% of electricity generation –makes it an ideal candidate for solar power development.

According to a World Bank report, although 68% of Pakistan’s population has access to electricity, 44% of all households are off-grid; 81% of these in rural areas (2). These tend to use(unsubsidized) kerosene as an alternative energy source – an expensive proposition given the cost of oil.

With the supply plateaued at 12000 MW and the demand skyrocketing at 19000 MW during summers, the country is experienced crippling energy shortages and power blackouts. No wonder then, that energy has therefore shot up to the top of the priority list, along with Security, according to Zubair Kazmi, Country Manager Pakistan for Canadian solar power company, SkyPower. The government of Pakistan, worried about the potential for unrest the energy crises holds, is backing a number of projects in hydro (which currently accounts for 31% of electricity generation), thermal and biogas energy, all of which are expected be online by 2015-2017.

Renewed Interest

The government has had a coherent Renewable Energy Frame working place since 1992, according to Kazmi, and a National Power Policy framework was announced in 2013 (5). However, implementation has been sporadic and small scale, with the primary bottleneck holding back investment, being the cost of debt, says Kazmi.

The nature of Pakistan’s risk profile is such, that the cost of debt needed to fund these capital-intensive projects is high and the sources of such funding – both domestic and international – are limited. Prohibitive financial costs are a major deterrent, especially to private and small-scale investment.

Under external and internal pressure, the government is offering subsidies and incentives to foreign and local investors, to attract investment in the sector and mitigate – at least to some extent – Pakistan’s destructive energy shortage.

Energy Bangla-Pakistan Parliament

Solar power projects have been launched with the support of global institutions such as the World Bank, Asian Development Bank, Islamic Development Bank (IDB) as well as the governments of China, Saudi Arabia and Germany (6). Locally, Bank of The Punjab is at the forefront of domestic initiatives, with schemes such as BOP Solar aimed at providing funding for small solar power home kits. Various high profile public sector projects have already been implemented, such as, the installation of solar panels at Parliament House, Islamabad that will generate 1.8MW when completed. The panels are being installed at a cost of US$60m funded by the Chinese government (7).

Previous projects include a 356kW solar-powered on-grid power plant in Islamabad, funded by Japan International Cooperation Agency (8).

Pakistan has a thriving IPP (Independent Power Producers) sector with just over 50% of the country’s thermal energy production of 15.5MW provided by IPP’s (9). Many industries depend on private power generators to maintain operations, as indeed do many private households. The government is hoping to encourage similar investment in solar power production. Major players in the solar power sector include Nizam Solar, Pak Solar, Dawood Lawrencepur, Solartech, and Skypower.

Japan International Cooperation Agency-Pakistan Planning Commission Islamabad

A solar park project is now being developed in the eastern province of Punjab, in conjunction with the Government of Punjab, Bank of Punjab and Chinese investment at a cost of US$5m. It is hoped, that once the infrastructure of transmission lines, water pipes, and roads is in place, private investment will pour in to build up initial capacity from 100MW to 1000MW.

Experts suggest the government can boost investment and demand, by bringing down costs for end-users: by removing various tariffs and duties charged on parts and equipment. Novel methods of financing the cost of development such as micro-financing, pay-as-you-go schemes; remittance backed funding and payroll deductions can be used, to circumvent the high cost of financing for private urban and rural households and enable take-up of solar power solutions.

Catching Up

Solar power use to address Pakistan’s energy crisis, can prove revolutionary; the lack thereof (solar or otherwise) can prove equally disastrous, as we have seen recently in countries around the world when desperate, frustrated citizens have turned to violent protest. India, says Kazmi, is at least a couple of decades ahead of Pakistan, as far as solar power investment is concerned with a grid connected solar power capacity of 2208 MW. Others, such as Saudi Arabia, are rushing to get ahead, especially those dependent on fossil fuels were demand is fast outstripping supply creating a scenario, where the country could become a net importer of oil by 2030. The government has therefore announced an atomic and renewable energy roadmap, aimed at generating at least one fifth (41GW) of its energy demand via solar power by 2032 (10). According to a report by consulting firm ClearSky Advisors, if realized, this target would place Saudi Arabia in the top 5 solar energy producers in the world (currently consisting of Germany, Italy, Spain, Japan and China).

Interestingly, although Bangladesh is also considered ahead of Pakistan in solar power, comparing the two makes no sense, says Kazmi. Where 80% of Bangladesh is off-grid, demand is primarily for solar lanterns to replace kerosene lamps or for limited use, such as to power light bulbs. But policy focus is strong and resolute, putting the country on a ‘high growth trajectory’ of solar power through a number of initiatives aimed at electrifying homes; improving agricultural production; and establishing small and medium sized power plants across the country to power railway stations, government offices and factories (11).

Rooftop solar panel – Khulna, Bangladesh, 2010 (MajorityWorld/UIG/GettyImages)

Regulatory clarity could be the key

The ‘energy’ situation in Pakistan has become untenable, with residential demand accounting for half of total electricity consumption.There is, thus, fresh emphasis on the renewable energy sector driven by the realization, that with demand for electricity far outstripping supply, the current situation is also extremely dangerous. The government needs to urgently address the regulatory environment governing the solar energy sector, to stimulate demand for solar power and drive investment in the sector.

Razya Kirmani is a London-based, freelance writer and blogger interested in science, education, current affairs and developments in the Muslim world. She is an incorrigible optimist.

References

(1) Pakistan Renewable Energy Society: http://www.pres.org.pk/category/re-technologies/solar-energy/

(2, 11) Lighting Asia: Solar Off-grid Lighting, May 2012: International Finance Corporation (Online) Available from:

http://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/topics_ext_content/ifc_external_corporate_site/ifc+sustainability/publications/publications_report_lightingasia

(3) Alahdad, Z. Pakistan’s Energy Sector – From Crises to Crises – Breaking the Chain, 2012: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics (Online) Available from:

http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/publications/Monograph/Pakistans%20Energy%20Sector%20From%20Crisis%20to%20Crisis-Breaking%20the%20Chain.pdf

(4) Pakistan Energy Yearbook, 2012: Hydrocarbon Development Institute Pakistan (Online) available from:

http://www.kpkep.com/documents/Pakistan%20Energy%20Yearbook%202012.pdf

(5)National Power Policy, 2013, Ministry of Water and Power, Gov’t of Pakistan (Online) Available from:

http://www.ppib.gov.pk/National%20Power%20Policy%202013.pdf

(6) Thomson Reuters Foundation, Pakistan turns to solar energy as power shortfall widens, 2014 (Online) http://www.trust.org/item/20140116230113-87r9a/

(7) The Guardian, Pakistan Parliament turns to Solar Power, 2014 (Online): http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/jan/20/pakistan-parliament-turns-to-solar-power

(8) Japan International Cooperation Agency, Press Release (Online) http://www.jica.go.jp/pakistan/english/office/topics/press120529.html

(9) Associated Press of Pakistan, 22 Solar Power Projects of 772.99 under development, 2014 (Online): http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=266473&Itemid=2

(10) Ghaban, A. Saudi Arabia’s Renewable Energy Strategy & Solar Energy Deployment Roadmap,2010, Royal Order (King Abdullah City for Atomic and Renewable Energy – 2010)(Online) Available from: https://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/masdar/Abdulrahman%20Al%20Ghabban%20Presentation.pdf

Additional Reading

i. Triple Bottom-Line Magazine: http://www.tbl.com.pk/the-feasibility-of-renewable-energy-in-pakistan/

ii. Aftab, S. Pakistan’s Energy Crises: Causes, Consequences and Possible Remedies, 2014 (Online) Available from:   (http://www.peacebuilding.no/eng/Regions/Asia/Pakistan/Publications/Pakistan-s-energy-crisis-causes-consequences-and-possible-remedies/(language)/eng-US

iii. KACARE: http://www.kacare.gov.sa/en/

The theme for this month’s issue is ‘Science and the Environment’. The world is currently under a drastic environmental shift, as several factors are coming together and modifying the ecological conditions of the earth. As the weather patterns gradually change, the inherent environmental systems of the Earth are being stirred, resulting in drops in sea levels, deforestation, decrease in crop yields, increase in global warming, melting of glaciers and so on and so forth.

This time round, localhost/muslim brings for you, an exciting infographic on the state of the environment in the Muslim world. We looked at an assortment of the most popular environmental trends in the global arena, such as out of control carbon emissions, deforestation, fossil fuel usage, water scarcity, etc. and find the most striking representation of these within the Islamic World.

The result? An infographic that brings forth some key fronts of the climate change within the Islamic World:

Click on the image for a larger view. Click (here) for a high resolution image.

Sources:

1. CDP ‘Global 500 Climate Change Report 2013’: https://www.cdp.net/CDPResults/CDP-Global-500-Climate-Change-Report-2013.pdf
2. ‘Response to climate change in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia’ report: http://www.fao.org/forestry/29157-0d03d7abbb7f341972e8c6ebd2b25a181.pdf
3. ‘Climate Finance for the Middle East and North Africa: Confronting the challenges of climate change’report: www.odi.org.uk/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/7921.pdf
4. ‘Climate change initiatives in Malaysia’ presentation report: http://www.auedm.net/Data/activities/1st%20Workshop/Workshop/Joy%20Pereira/KyotoJul08print.pdf
5. UNEP and WMO report, ‘Integrated Assessment of Black Carbon and Tropospheric Ozone’ : http://www.unep.org/dewa/Portals/67/pdf/Black_Carbon.pdf
6. ADB’s report on ‘The economics of climate change in Southeast Asia: A regional review’: http://www.lse.ac.uk/ideas/publications/reports/pdf/sr004/adb.pdf
7. WWF report on ‘Climate Change and its Realities for Pakistan’ : http://pecongress.org.pk/images/upload/books/6-Climate%20Change%20and%20its%20Realities%20for%20Pakistan%20%286%29.pdf
8. Tableau Public pictorial report on ‘World CO2 Emissions’: http://www.tableausoftware.com/public/gallery/co2-emissions
9. EPA report on ‘Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data’: http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/global.html
10. ‘Everything you need to know about climate change – interactive’ in The Guardian (21 August 2011): http://www.theguardian.com/environment/interactive/2011/aug/15/everything-know-climate-change
11. WMO report on ‘A summary on current climate change findings and figures’: http://www.wmo.int/pages/mediacentre/factsheet/documents/ClimateChangeInfoSheet2013-03final.pdf
12. IIED report on ‘A burden to share? Addressing unequal climate impacts in the Least Developed Countries’: http://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/17181IIED.pdf
13. UNDP-UNEP report on ‘Mainstreaing Climate Change adaptation into development planning: a guide for practitioners’: http://www.unep.org/pdf/mainstreaming-cc-adaptation-web.pdf
14. IPCC report on ‘Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change’: http://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg3/
15. WHO report on ‘The social dimensions of climate change’: http://www.who.int/globalchange/mediacentre/events/2011/social-dimensions-of-climate-change.pdf
16. WHO and WMO report on ‘Atlas of health and climate’: http://www.who.int/globalchange/publications/atlas/report/en/
17. Water cooperation 2013 infographic
18. World Bank report ‘Turn Down the Heat’: http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2013/06/14/000445729_20130614145941/Rendered/PDF/784240WP0Full00D0CONF0to0June19090L.pdf
19. World Resources Institute infographic on ‘Project Potico’: http://www.wri.org/our-work/project/forests-and-landscapes-indonesia
20. IEA report on ‘Key World Energy Statistics 2013’: http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/KeyWorld2013.pdf
21. UN report on ‘Production, trade and consumption of crude petroleum’: http://unstats.un.org/UNSD/energy/yearbook/2010/2010_214.pdf
22. NASA Global Climate Change Statistics: http://climate.nasa.gov/evidence
23. Forbes ’25 biggest oil and gas companies’: http://www.forbes.com/pictures/mef45glfe/not-just-the-usual-suspects-2/